Analysis of the economic impacts of border-related measures taken by Member States in the fight against COVID-19 : final report.
Analysis of the economic impacts of border-related measures taken by Member States in the fight against COVID-19 : final report.
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Geographic area:
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Author:
Capello, Roberta, Caragliu, Andrea
Keywords:
border control | cross-border cooperation | budget | coronavirus disease | economic consequence | economic policy | EU regional policy | health risk | macroeconomics | report | risk management
Publication year:
2022
The present report focuses in particular on areas mostly depending on cross-national economies, and therefore directly affected by policies limiting cross-Country movements, i.e. Cross-Border Regions (henceforth, CBRs). However, Spring 2020 witnessed a nearly unprecedented dramatic example of an almost perfectly symmetric shock to European Countries. The negative impulse to EU economies can be considered as fully exogenous, holding the theory explaining the emergence of COVID-19 as a consequence of a species spillover true. Its diffusion caused a nearly universal reaction translating in plant closures, ban on public gatherings and events, and border controls that caused a severe macroeconomic downturn in all EU countries, with no exception, hitting almost all major components of aggregate income (i.e. consumption, investment, exports, and imports). The only exception was represented by a major surge in public expenditure almost everywhere in Europe (Carraro et al., 2022), with the aim to react to the medical emergency and support with extra public budget the increased need for healthcare financing on the one hand, and counterbalance negative labor market outcomes due to forced plant closures, on the other hand. Because of the symmetric nature of the Spring 2020 closures, the authors of the present report simulated, in the absence of official EUROSTAT statistics at regional level, the costs of COVID-related closures in Spring 2020, taking both the border increase and the macroeconomic measures into account. In fact, within this rather dramatic framework, border closures represent only a part of the whole story, the core of which is the diffusion of contagion-preventing measures to the macroeconomic sphere.